Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is a group of transforming growth factor beta superfamily of cytokines, which can control proliferation, cellular differentiation, and other functions in most cells. It is widely located in normal cells and transformed cells. It is a type of cytokine which plays a role in promotion of embryonic development, immunomodulatory effect, growth suppression, wound healing, angiogenesis, extracellular matrix precipitation and so on. This cytokine can promote the transformation of normal fibroblasts from adherent growth to suspension. Therefore, it is named. TGF-β exists in Mammals at least three isoforms called TGF-β1, TGF-β2 and TGF......2015-04-22

Adrenaline (Epinephrine, EPI) is the major hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla, the structure belongs to the catecholamines, shown in Figure 1, It has a strong activating effect on α and β receptors. After binding with the corresponding receptors on the cell membrane, the heart rate raises, myocardial contractility becomes stronger, cardiac output increases, normally it acts as cardiac emergency medicine clinically; Norepinephrine (NE) comes from adrenaline after removing Nmethyl, also belongs to the catecholamines, shown in Figure 2. NE is an α receptor agonists, its main function is to maintain angiotasis, it could quickly adjust to maintain blood pressure to ens......2015-04-22

Cardial infarctionion is a kind of serious disease, which refers to a pathological processes of irreversible myocardial necrosis, mainly due to a sustained coronary ischemia. More than 90% cardial infarctionion is resulted from coronary atherosclerosis, based on thrombosis caused less seen in coronary artery spasm, stenosis and occlusion caused by a small number of embolism, inflammation, deformity, severe and persistent myocardial ischemia can also lead to myocardial necrosis. The main causes of cardial infarctionion include fatigue, agitation, bleeding, shock, dehydration, surgery or serious arrhythmia. The incidence of cardial infarctionion is about 1.5 million per year in US. While......2015-04-22

Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is a kind of type I transmembrane protein discovered by Poltorak in 1998. It is coded by TLR4 gene, and expressed on several kinds of cells, including monocytes, macrophages et al. TLR4 could recognize lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from gram negative bacteria, and then trigger signal transduction through NF-κB or JNK/SAPK pathway (Fig.1) (more information about LPS related products, please check http://www.uscnk.com/topic/LPS-ELISA-Kit-may-Substitute- for-LAL-Test.html). Innate immunity (also known as native immunity) refers immunity created during species evolution development. It appears at birth of the individual, and it functions in a broad range not s......2015-02-17

IL-6 is one kind of interleukins which exerts pro and anti-inflammatory effects in the body. It’s a typical pro-inflammatory cytokine and encoded by IL-6 gene. T cell and macrophage will been differentiated into activated cells and proliferate when outer substances encounted, then much IL-6 was produced to stimulate immune responses. The level of IL-6 increases significantly in infection, wound, burn and other tissues lesions. It is up-regulated by IL-1ra and IL-10 and down-regulated by TNF-alpha and IL-1. In clinical research, it has been found that IL-6 is associated with many systematic diseases, such as periodontitis, acute myocardial infarction, gestational hypertension, pro......2015-02-17

Secondary antibodies are antibodies target to primary antibodies. The antibody (Ab), also known as an immunoglobulin, is able to provoke an immune response due to its immunogenicity. If an antibody is injected to heterogeneous host, the immunoglobulin against to this primary antibody will be secreted by activated immune system. A secondary antibody is used to combined with primary antibody that has bound to a target antigen and it can be used to increase sensitivity through the signal amplification. Secondary antibodies conjugated to enzymes and labels play an important role in the immunological experiment. That is to say, they are the key components of detection systems. Selection of ......2015-02-17