We have introduced cell autophagy marker LC3 before, and now let’s talk about the new marker VCP, which mediates cell endocytosis and autophagy.Valosin Containing Protein (VCP) is a membrane-associated glycoprotein associated with multicellular activity, and its two tandem ATPase domains (named D1 and D2) are shown in Fig 1. As a class of like-chaperones, VCP can play an important role in the endoplasmic reticulum-associated protein degradation and cell cycle regulation, mediating intracellular transport and autophagy. After combination of VCP and its cofactor UFD1-NPL4, ubiquitination-folding proteins could happen degradation.Fig1. Schematic diagram of VCP domain structure (from wik......2017-04-14

Antibody preparation technologies have gone three stages of development. The first stage: antiserum preparation or polyclonal antibody preparation by immunizing higher vertebrates. And the second stage: monoclonal antibody preparation based on cell fusion technologies and discovery of mouse myeloma; the third stage: recombinant antibody preparation by gene sequencing and gene library screening technologies. The polyclonal preparation technology can’t be suitable for large-scale production of antibody as to the complex ingredient and poor application of polyclonal Ab. The monoclonal antibody preparation technology is a combination of hybridoma technology and fermentation engineering t......2017-04-14

Microcarrier Cell Culture Technology allows a high yield culture of anchorage-dependent cells. The microcarriers can be maintained in suspension with gently stirring. And cells grow as monolayers on the surface of microcarries. Microcrriers are typically 60-250 micrometre spheres and characterized by non-toxicity and uniform density. The microcarriers are commonly used in the large-scale cell culture for high-yield commercial production of vaccine, genetic engineering drugs and so on, since cells grow fig.1. Application of microcarrier cellas monolayers on the surface of microcarrier culture technology in Ab production.to enlarge the attachment surface of cell growth.It is impossible......2017-04-14

As we all know, internal control proteins are expressed by house keeping genes. These proteins show relatively constant quantity in different tissues and cells. When we arranged an experiment to test the expression of target proteins, they could be considered as a reference in the experiment.The internal control proteins often are used in the Western Blot. Western Blot can not only be used to prove whether the samples contain the target protein, it also can be used for discriminating the difference of protein quantity among different samples and different conditions. So Western Blot is usually designed for protein expression level test. Internal control proteins as a reference, are use......2017-04-14

Immunological tolerance, as a "double-edged sword", plays a dual role in the autoimmune disease and cancer. Scientists have discovered a new member in the study of anti-cancer families, and that is TIM-3. When part of the patients have resistance to PD-1 inhibitors, TIM-3 inhibitors can effectively overcome this adaptive resistance, and to be the new type of immunotherapy. So, what is TIM-3?T cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain-3 (TIM-3) is a class of T cell surface inhibitory molecules, and it can cause T cell death after cancer and virus infection. Richard S. Blumberg team from Harvard Medical School has published the study on Nature. The authors firstly predict tha......2017-04-14

Small molecules include peptides, native small molecules, chemically synthesized small molecules and so on. They are widely used in medicine, pesticides and other fields. The gas chromatography and liquid chromatography are commonly used to quantitatively measure target small molecules. However, there are many disadvantages, such as time-consuming, high cost and so on. Could small molecules be detected by immunoassay kit?All immunoassay kits employ the specific reaction of antigen and antibody. How to produce the antibody specific to small molecule is the key for the preparation of immunoassay kit for small molecule. Because of low molecular weight, simple structure and so on, small mo......2017-04-14